Arthroscopic cartilage repair involves using techniques such as microfracture, autologous chondrocyte implantation, or osteochondral grafting to repair damaged cartilage in the knee. The procedure is minimally invasive and aims to restore the cartilage surface and promote healing, improving knee function and reducing pain.
The surgery itself is painless due to anaesthesia. Post-operative pain and swelling are expected but are manageable with medication and physiotherapy.
Cartilage repair is effective for restoring knee function and relieving pain in patients with cartilage defects or damage. The success rate is high, particularly when combined with a structured rehabilitation program.
Preparing for arthroscopic cartilage repair involves both physical and practical steps to help ensure a smooth surgery and recovery. In the weeks leading up to your procedure, Dr Khoo may recommend certain investigations such as an MRI or X-rays to confirm the extent of cartilage damage and plan the surgical approach. You’ll also likely attend a pre-operative consultation to discuss your medical history, current medications, and any potential risks or concerns. It’s important to let your healthcare team know about all medications and supplements you’re taking, as some may need to be paused before surgery—especially blood thinners. If you smoke, reducing or quitting can significantly improve healing and reduce the risk of complications. Staying as active as your knee allows can also help, as stronger muscles around the joint tend to support a better recovery. On the day before surgery, you’ll usually be asked to fast for several hours and follow specific instructions provided by the hospital or anaesthetist. It’s a good idea to arrange for someone to take you home and stay with you initially, as you’ll be recovering from the effects of anaesthesia. Having your home set up for comfort and safety—with items like crutches, supportive pillows, and easy access to essentials—can make those early days much easier.
Recovery after arthroscopic cartilage repair varies depending on the specific technique used, the severity of the cartilage damage, and individual patient factors such as age, activity level, and overall health. In general, patients can expect a gradual recovery that may take several weeks to a few months. For simpler procedures like debridement, patients often begin walking with assistance within a few days and may return to normal activities within four to six weeks. In contrast, more advanced techniques such as microfracture or cartilage grafting typically involve a longer healing period. These procedures may require partial or non-weight bearing for several weeks, followed by a structured rehabilitation program to restore strength, flexibility, and joint function. Physiotherapy plays a critical role in recovery and may continue for several months. Full return to high-impact activities, such as running or sports, often takes around three to six months, depending on the extent of the repair and the demands of the activity. It's essential for patients to follow their post-operative care instructions closely and attend all follow-up appointments to ensure optimal healing. While recovery times differ, most patients experience a gradual improvement in knee pain and function over time.
The longevity of repaired cartilage following arthroscopic surgery depends on several factors, including the technique used, the extent of damage, the patient's age and activity level, and how well the knee is cared for after surgery. Unlike bone or skin, cartilage has a limited ability to regenerate fully, so the goal of most cartilage repair procedures is to improve function and reduce pain rather than create a perfect, long-lasting replacement. For smaller cartilage defects treated with debridement or microfracture, patients often experience symptom relief that can last several years, particularly if they avoid high-impact activities. However, the fibrocartilage that forms after microfracture isn’t as durable as the original hyaline cartilage, which means the repair may wear out over time. More advanced techniques such as autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) or osteochondral grafting can offer longer-lasting results, especially in younger patients or those with isolated lesions. With proper rehabilitation and lifestyle modifications—like maintaining a healthy weight and avoiding repetitive joint stress—many patients find that their repair lasts five to ten years or more. Ultimately, ongoing joint health is crucial. Regular follow-up with your orthopaedic specialist and adherence to physiotherapy can extend the benefits of your cartilage repair and delay or even avoid the need for further procedures.
The longevity of repaired cartilage after arthroscopic surgery depends on several factors, including the type of repair technique used, the size and location of the cartilage damage, and how well the knee is managed after surgery. In general, cartilage repairs aim to reduce pain and improve function rather than fully restore the original cartilage’s durability. For simpler procedures like debridement or microfracture, the new tissue that forms—called fibrocartilage—is not as strong or resilient as the original cartilage. As a result, it may last anywhere from a few years to a decade, depending on how the knee is used post-operatively. Patients who maintain a healthy weight, avoid high-impact activities, and follow their rehabilitation program tend to get the most out of their repair. More advanced procedures, such as osteochondral grafting or autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), can offer longer-lasting results, particularly in younger, active individuals with isolated defects. However, even these techniques have limitations, and outcomes vary from person to person. It’s important to view cartilage repair as part of a broader joint preservation strategy. Ongoing physiotherapy, activity modification, and regular monitoring can help prolong the life of the repair and potentially delay the need for more extensive treatments like joint replacement in the future.
As with any surgical procedure, arthroscopic cartilage repair carries certain risks, although serious complications are relatively uncommon. The most common risks include swelling, stiffness, and discomfort in the knee during the early recovery phase. These are usually temporary and improve with appropriate rehabilitation. Infection is a rare but serious risk, as with any surgical procedure. Surgeons take strict precautions to minimise this possibility, and any signs of infection—such as increasing pain, redness, warmth, or fever—should be reported immediately. Blood clots (deep vein thrombosis) can also occur, especially if mobility is reduced after surgery, though the risk is generally low in arthroscopic procedures. There’s also the possibility that the repaired cartilage may not heal as expected, particularly in areas with poor blood supply. In some cases, this could mean persistent symptoms or the need for further treatment down the track. Additionally, although rare, damage to surrounding structures like ligaments, blood vessels, or nerves can occur during surgery. Lastly, even with a technically successful repair, not all patients return to pre-injury levels of activity. Outcomes are influenced by factors such as the extent of damage, patient age, and adherence to post-operative care. Dr Khoo will discuss these risks with you in detail and help you make an informed decision about surgery.
Recovery time after arthroscopic cartilage repair can vary quite a bit depending on the nature of the cartilage damage, the specific surgical technique used, and how committed the patient is to their rehabilitation. For straightforward debridement procedures, where loose or frayed cartilage is trimmed, patients often recover within four to six weeks. Pain usually settles quickly, and many people return to light activities within a month. If the surgery involves more complex techniques—like microfracture, where tiny holes are made in the bone to stimulate cartilage growth, or grafting procedures—recovery tends to be longer. These approaches often require a period of restricted weight-bearing for up to six weeks, followed by several months of physiotherapy to rebuild strength and movement. In these cases, full recovery may take three to six months, and in some instances, up to a year for return to high-impact activities. It's also important to understand that "recovery" doesn’t always mean being symptom-free or back to full sport immediately. It refers to a gradual process where swelling reduces, pain improves, and knee function steadily returns. Each patient’s recovery timeline is different, and Dr Khoo will personalise your plan to help you safely regain mobility and strength.
Returning to sports after arthroscopic cartilage repair depends on the type of repair performed, the extent of the cartilage damage, and how well your knee responds to rehabilitation. In general, most patients can expect a return to low-impact sports within three to six months, but high-impact activities may require a longer recovery—often six to nine months or more. For procedures like debridement, where the damaged cartilage is simply smoothed out, recovery is quicker, and patients may be back to recreational sports within a couple of months. However, for more complex repairs such as microfracture or grafting techniques, your knee needs more time to heal and adapt to the new tissue. These procedures often involve a period of limited weight-bearing, use of a brace, and a carefully structured rehabilitation plan to rebuild strength, control, and range of motion. It's essential not to rush back into sport too early, as doing so can compromise the repair and potentially lead to further damage. Dr Khoo will guide your return to activity based on your progress and the demands of your chosen sport. A gradual return, often starting with physiotherapy-guided exercises and sport-specific drills, helps reduce the risk of re-injury and supports long-term joint health.
Whether or not you’ll need a brace after arthroscopic cartilage repair depends on the type of procedure performed and the specific condition of your knee. In many cases, especially for minor debridement or smoothing of cartilage, a brace may not be required at all. Patients are often able to begin moving the knee shortly after surgery with the guidance of a physiotherapist. However, if a more involved technique like microfracture or cartilage grafting is performed, your surgeon may recommend using a knee brace to limit certain movements and protect the repair site during the early stages of healing. The brace helps to control the range of motion and reduce stress on the treated area, particularly during weight-bearing activities. The duration for wearing a brace, if needed, also varies. Some patients might wear it for just a few weeks, while others may need it longer, especially if combined with restrictions on walking or weight-bearing. Dr Khoo will assess your individual situation during surgery and tailor the post-operative care plan accordingly. It’s important to follow these instructions carefully, as proper protection of the joint early on can significantly improve your long-term outcome. Always check with your orthopaedic team before removing or adjusting any post-surgical supports.
Many patients do regain significant knee function after arthroscopic cartilage repair, especially if the damage was isolated and caught early. The primary goals of the procedure are to reduce pain, improve joint movement, and slow down further degeneration. With appropriate rehabilitation and adherence to post-operative instructions, most people experience a noticeable improvement in knee performance. That said, whether full function is restored can depend on several factors, including the size and location of the cartilage damage, the specific repair technique used, and the patient’s age and activity level. Smaller lesions treated with debridement or microfracture often heal well, particularly in younger, active individuals. However, larger or more complex defects may not result in a completely normal joint, and some residual stiffness or discomfort can persist, especially with high-demand activities. It’s also worth noting that while repaired cartilage can function quite well, it may not perfectly replicate the strength and resilience of natural, undamaged cartilage. This means long-term care—like regular physiotherapy, weight management, and avoiding high-impact stress on the knee—is important for preserving function. Dr Khoo will guide you through a tailored recovery plan and provide realistic expectations based on your individual case.